Academy

The assessment of risk of bias of the included studies is an important part of a systematic review. This evaluation contributes to the certainty or

A low Kappa score indicates a lack of agreement, beyond chance, between reviewers undertaking screening for example. This may result in a higher-than-expected number of

When developing your eligibility it is important that the entire team is clear on the criteria. Clarity on how eligibility criteria are applied is essential

Title and abstract screening is the first crucial step to identify potentially relevant studies retrieved from databases or other sources based on the eligibility (inclusion

Registering the review protocol is critical to promote transparency, reduce bias and prevent research duplication. Protocol registration should be prospective. There are several important reasons

You’ve probably heard of systematic reviews and rapid reviews as both play a key role in helping us understand evidence, but they have different goals